Local community perceptions of conservation policy: rights, recognition and reactions

Authors

  • Marketta Vuola University of Helsinki
  • Aili Pyhälä Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki

Keywords:

Protected areas, local communities, co-management, governance, natural resources management, Madagascar

Abstract

Biodiversity conservation in post-colonial contexts typically takes a form of state-imposed protected areas. Such conservation strategies, especially when failing to involve local communities, have been observed to result in conflicts between protected area managers and local communities, thus also diminishing conservation effectiveness. This research examines local community institutions, perceptions, and involvement with regard to the management of Ranomafana National Park, South-Eastern Madagascar. The data for this research was collected in the end of 2014 in five case study villages around the park. Our findings indicate that imposed protected area regulations have provoked a wide range of mostly negative reactions amongst local villagers, largely due to lack of communication and negotiation on the part of protected area managers. What few attempts have been made to involve local communities in conservation and development activities have been met with local skepticism and have only served to reinforce existing power asymmetries within local communities. We argue that increasing local autonomy would help to boost local villagers’ self-esteem, and thereby also enable local communities to have a more equal playing field for future negotiations with conservation authorities. Furthermore, this would also likely trigger more local interest, initiative, and ownership with regards to conservation. Although the Ranomafana National Park area is currently regarded by many local villagers as illegitimate, there is widespread willingness across all five communities to collaborate with conservation authorities, presenting enormous potential for more successful conservation; potential that – at least to date – remains untapped.

 

Résumé

Conserver la biodiversité dans un contexte post-colonial se matérialise généralement sous forme de zones protégées établies par l’État. Cependant, ces stratégies de conservation mènent souvent à des conflits entre gestionnaires et communautés locales, affectant en retour leur soutien à la mise en place de zones protégées. Les conservationnistes reconnaissent donc de plus en plus l’importance de considérer l’engagement des communautés locales dans la prise de décisions et la mise en œuvre d’actions de conservation, afin notamment que ces actions soient efficaces. Cette étude se focalise sur les institutions des communautés locales, leurs perceptions et leur engagement concernant la gestion du Parc National Ranomafana, au Sud-Est de Madagascar. Les données furent collectées à la fin de l’année 2014 dans cinq villages situés autour du parc. Nos résultats indiquent que les réglementations imposées par le parc ont provoqué un large éventail de réactions, principalement négatives, de la part des villageois, dû à un manque de communication et de négociations de la part des gestionnaires du parc. Les quelques tentatives d’inclusion des communautés locales dans les patrouilles de surveillance du parc n’ont servi qu’à renforcer les asymétries de pouvoir pré-existantes. De même, seulement une petite partie des résidents locaux peuvent bénéficier de la gestion du parc. Les familles les plus vulnérables économiquement continuent à dépendre étroitement de ressources forestières dont l’exploitation est interdite, risquant des sanctions de la part des gestionnaires du parc qui perturbent encore plus la cohésion sociale à l’échelle locale. Les autorités sont en retour réticentes à accorder leur confiance aux villageois. Même si l’on ne peut pas s’attendre à ce que ce cycle de méfiance disparaisse soudainement, les tensions actuelles entre communautés locales et gestionnaires du parc doivent s’estomper si le but est d’obtenir une gestion durable du parc à long-terme. Nous nous prononçons en faveur d’une plus grande autonomie locale qui permettrait non seulement de développer l’estime de soi des membres de la communauté, mais susciterait également plus d’intérêt et d’appropriation envers les actions de conservation, permettant ainsi aux communautés locales d’être sur un pied d’égalité lors de futures négociations avec les autorités du parc. En conclusion, alors que la zone protégée est majoritairement perçue comme illégitime, il existe une volonté réelle de la part des cinq communautés de collaborer avec les autorités chargées de la conservation, présentant un potentiel énorme - qui reste pour l’instant inexploité - en terme d’amélioration des actions de conservation.

Author Biographies

Marketta Vuola, University of Helsinki

MSc, Regional studies

Aili Pyhälä, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki

PhD

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