Towards a more adaptive co-management of natural resources – increasing social-ecological resilience in southeast Madagascar

Authors

  • Gemma Holloway Azafady
  • Samm Short Azafady

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v9i1.7

Keywords:

Adaptive co-management, social-ecological resilience, environmental governance, participatory planning, mining

Abstract

Situated on the southeast coast of Madagascar, Sainte Luce is a fishing village bordering some of the country’s last remaining littoral forests. Characterised by a combination of extreme poverty, the presence of highly - prized natural resources and feeble institutional structures, it is argued that Sainte Luce typifies contexts of social and ecological vulnerability found across Madagascar. The presence of the international mining giant, Rio Tinto, and the company’s role in managing a protected area bordering Sainte Luce, adds a complex dimension to this already highly vulnerable social - ecological context. Setting the case study within the context of recent natural resource management policies in Madagascar, the paper aims to highlight the need for innovative governance structures which match the complexity and dynamism of social - ecological systems such as that of Sainte Luce. We describe the approach taken by a local/international NGO partnership, Azafady, to build social and ecological resilience through a process of participatory and adaptive environmental action planning. The approach draws on concepts from adaptive co - management, which highlights the interdependence of human and natural systems and focuses on innovative institutional arrangements, social learning and cross-scale collaboration to manage the complexity and uncertainty of such systems. We examine the ways in which this approach has contributed to increasing social and ecological resilience in Sainte Luce and consider how progress made to date can be sustained and scaled up to wider geographical areas.

 

Résumé

Situé sur la côte sud - est de Madagascar, Sainte Luce est un village de pêcheurs bordé par quelques - unes des dernières forêts littorales du pays. Une extrême pauvreté des populations villageoises associée à des ressources naturelles prisées et des structures institutionnelles fragiles caractérisent Sainte Luce qui est ainsi analysé dans un contexte typique de vulnérabilité sociale et écologique, rencontré ailleurs sur l’ensemble de la Grande Île. La présence du géant international de l’exploitation minière, Rio Tinto, et le rôle de cette entreprise dans la gestion d’une aire protégée limitrophe de Sainte Luce ajoute une dimension complexe à une situation socio - écologique déjà vulnérable.

L’exemple de Sainte Luce abordé ici sert à souligner la nécessité de considérer des structures de gestion innovantes qui répondent à la complexité et au dynamisme des systèmes socio - écologiques sous de multiples pressions exogènes et endogènes. L’étude de cas est considéré dans le cadre de la récente politique environnementale de Madagascar, qui a pour objectif de promouvoir l‘implication des populations locales dans la gestion des ressources naturelles, en transmettant les droits de gestion aux groupes d’utilisateurs dénommés les COBA pour Communautés de base. Cependant, l’extension des accords de co - gestion incluant des tiers, comme des sociétés minières et des ONG internationales, a eu tendance à écarter les intérêts communautaires et, dans la plupart des cas, n’a pas réussi à promouvoir une appropriation des ressources par la population locale.

Nous décrivons ici une approche adoptée par l’ONG Azafady, un partenariat local et international, pour renforcer les résiliences sociale et écologique à Sainte Luce par un processus de planification d’actions environnementales, adaptives et participatives. La démarche s’appuie sur les concepts de co - gestion adaptative qui met en évidence l’interdépendance des systèmes humains et naturels. Elle se concentre également sur des dispositifs institutionnels novateurs, sur l’adaptation sociale ainsi qu’une collaboration multilatérale pour gérer la complexité et l’incertitude de ces systèmes. Afin d’établir et de maintenir l’appropriation de la communauté au cours du processus de gestion adaptative, l’approche a consisté à inverser les tendances historiques de mise en œuvre du sommet vers la base ou top-down d’un projet, en privilégiant une participation réelle et conséquente des populations locales. Les structures institutionnelles existantes ont été incorporées dans le nouveau modèle, tandis que de nouvelles structures ont servi à créer un cadre institutionnel plus résilient et plus adaptatif.

Nous examinons comment cette approche, avec sa base conceptuelle de co - gestion adaptative, a contribué à renforcer la résilience sociale et écologique de Sainte Luce. En tenant compte des difficultés rencontrées, de la nécessité de maintenir les progrès réalisés et de la possibilité de reproduire ce concept à une échelle géographique plus vaste, nous montrons comment l’expérience de Sainte Luce peut servir à d’autres organisations qui essayent de promouvoir la gestion environnementale durable avec des paramètres dynamiques et complexes ailleurs à Madagascar, voire au - delà.

 

Author Biographies

Gemma Holloway, Azafady

Project Coordinator - Managing Natural Resources for Resilient Livelihoods

Samm Short, Azafady

Head of Project Development

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Fishermen in Manafiafy

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