Distribution and habitat use by the eastern woolly lemur, Avahi laniger (Gmelin 1788), in the fragmented forests of the Ambohidray Protected Area in Moramanga, Central-Eastern Madagascar

Authors

Keywords:

Avahi laniger, nocturnal lemur, population density, Protected Area, Ambohidray, Wooly lemur, lémurien nocturne, Aire Protégée, Madagascar

Abstract

Lemurs are one of the key species for conservation in Madagascar. While much research has focused on diurnal lemurs, nocturnal species such as the eastern woolly lemur (Avahi laniger) remain understudied. To address this gap, we conducted a population and habitat study of A. laniger in the Ambohidray Protected Area (PA) of, in two forest zones: (i) core area, interior and (ii) buffer zone outside PA. Vegetation structure was assessed using 50 m × 2 m standard botanical plots. Six diurnal and nocturnal observations were conducted along ~1 km transects. The distance sampling method, specifically the Conventional Distance Sampling (CDS) approach, was used during nighttime observations to assess population density, which resulted in a total sampling effort of 38.7 km. To model how habitat variables, as well as distance, influence lemur detection probability, we use the Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling (MCDS) method. We observed 58 individuals and estimated a population density of 63 individuals/km² with our best MCDS fit model. Our model suggests preference for habitats with small crown diameter and semi-open canopy cover. Encounter rates were higher in the buffer zone (2.26 individuals/km) than in the core zone (1.03 individuals/km). A. laniger was detected in trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 11–20 cm, a height of 9–16 m, and relatively small crowns. Vegetation structure, including DBH, tree height and plant diversity differed between zones. These findings suggest A. laniger's adaptation is shaped by more than habitat structure, and that Ambohidray PA serves as a vital refuge for the species.

 

Résumé

Les lémuriens jouent un rôle crucial dans les efforts de conservation à Madagascar. Cependant, les connaissances sur les lémuriens nocturnes, tels que Avahi laniger, restent limitées. Pour combler cette lacune, une étude écologique de cette espèce a été menée dans l’Aire Protégée d’Ambohidray. Cette étude s’est concentrée sur deux zones distinctes : le noyau dur et la zone tampon de l’aire protégée. La végétation a été analysée en établissant des parcelles standard de 50 m x 2 m dans les zones étudiées. Des observations directes diurnes et nocturnes le long de transects ont été réalisées. La méthode d'échantillonnage par distance (distance sampling), en particulier l'approche CDS (Conventional Distance Sampling), a été utilisée lors des observations nocturnes pour évaluer la densité de la population. La méthode MCDS (Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling) a été utilisée afin d’évaluer l’influence des variables de l’habitat ainsi que la distance sur les taux de rencontre afin d'améliorer la précision de l’estimation de la densité et d'évaluer son influence sur les taux de rencontre. Une densité de population de 63 individus/km² a été estimée à partir du nombre d’observation (n = 58) en utilisant le modèle le mieux ajusté. La visualisation graphique de la fonction de détection indique que l’espèce préfère un habitat caractérisé par des arbres avec un faible diamètre de la couronne associé à une couverture de canopée semi-ouverte. A. laniger était plus fréquemment rencontré dans la zone tampon (2,26 individus/km) que dans le noyau dur (1,03 individus/km). L’espèce a été le plus souvent observée dans des arbres ayant un diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (DHP) de 11 à 20 cm, une hauteur comprise entre 9 et 16 m, de faibles diamètres de couronne (<5 m) et une canopée semi-ouverte. Des différences dans la structure de la végétation (DHP et hauteur maximale des arbres) ainsi que dans les indices de diversité (indice de Shannon = 3,8 vs. 3,3 ; Jaccard = 0,39 ; Sørensen = 0,24 et Bray-Curtis = 0,60) entre les zones ont été constatées. Le noyau dur présentait une diversité spécifique significativement plus élevée que la zone tampon. La hauteur des arbres était significativement plus grande dans le noyau dur tandis que le DHP des arbres y était plus faible. Ces résultats montrent que la Nouvelle Aire Protégée d’Ambohidray constitue un refuge pour A. laniger et suggèrent que l’adaptation de cette espèce aux habitats fragmentés est influencée non seulement par la structure de l’habitat, mais aussi par d’autres facteurs écologiques ou anthropiques. En fournissant ces informations, cette étude offre une base importante pour le suivi écologique de cette espèce dans cette aire protégée.

Author Biographies

Hanitriniaina Raharinirina, University of Antananarivo

Department of Animal Biology

Samantha Sambado, University of California Santa Barbara

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology

Yasmireilda Richard, University of Antananarivo

Department of Animal Biology

Rojo Nandrianina Ravelojaona, University of Antananarivo

Department of Animal Biology

Zafimahery Rakotomalala , University of Antananarivo

Department of Animal Biology

Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina, University of Antananarivo

Department of Animal Biology

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Avahi laniger in Ambohidray Protected Area. Photo: Rija Rakotoarisoa

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30-12-2025

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