Lémuriens de l’Aire Protégée Complexe Tsimembo Manambolomaty, région Melaky, Madagascar : Diversité et estimation de la densité
Keywords:
Lémuriens, diversité, densité, Tsimembo Manambolomaty, MadagascarAbstract
Lemurs, one of the most diverse species of primates; are facing a critical decline in population size due to anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates the dynamics of lemur diversity and abundance in the Tsimembo forest between 1998 and 2017. Data collection involved direct observations along seven transects, supplemented with additional observations. Lemur assessments were conducted at the start of the wet season in 2016 and 2017, while bibliographic data from 1998 and 2015 were utilized to assess changes in estimated species density. A total of eight lemurs were observed, including Propithecus deckenii, Eulemur rufus, Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis, Microcebus sp., Mirza coquereli, Cheirogaleus medius, Phaner pallescens and Lepilemur sp. notably, six of those are currently at risk of extinction. The mouse lemur and sportive lemur exhibit multi color variations, posing challenges to species determination. The Tsimembo forest lemur population is characterized by the dominance of nocturnal species and Decken’s sifaka. The density of P. deckenii increased from 98 individuals/km2 in 1998 to 170 individuals/km2 in 2017. In contrast, E. rufus density significantly decreased from 170 individuals/km2 in 1998 to just 2 individuals/km2 in 2017. Lepilemur sp. Population declined from 573 individuals/km2 to 100 individuals/km2 in 2016, with a subsequent increase to 120 individuals/km2 in 2017. Most recorded species displayed stabilization and even growth between 2016 and 2017. Species-specific identification of mouse lemurs and sportive lemurs requires cytogenetic studies. Existing literature suggest the potential presence of two species of mouse lemur M. murinus and M. myoxinus, in the Tsimembo forest, while the sportive lemur may belong to either L. ruficaudatus or L. randrianasoloi. These findings provide valuable insights into lemur population dynamics and highlight the need for conservation efforts in this diverse and threatened primate community.
Résumé
Les lémuriens, parmi les primates les plus diversifiés, voient malheureusement leur effectif décliner au fil du temps et de l’espace, principalement en raison des pressions anthropiques. Cette étude vise principalement à élucider la diversité et l’abondance des communautés de lémuriens dans la forêt de Tsimembo sur la période de 1998 à 2017. La méthode a impliqué des observations directes le long de sept transects, complétées par des observations supplémentaires. Le comptage des lémuriens a été réalisé au début de la saison humide en 2016 et en 2017. Des données bibliographiques portant sur les années 1998 et 2015 ont également été utilisées afin d’éclaircir l’évolution de la densité estimée de chaque espèce. Huit lémuriens dont Propithecus deckenii, Eulemur rufus, Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis, Microcebus sp., Mirza coquereli, Cheirogaleus medius, Phaner pallescens et Lepilemur sp. ont été inventoriés. La densité est marquée par la dominance des espèces à mœurs nocturnes et de P. deckenii. La densité de certaines espèces a connu une fluctuation depuis 1998, avant de se stabiliser en 2017. Une légère augmentation de la majorité des espèces recensées est notée entre 2016 et 2017. Toutefois, l’identification spécifique des microcèbes et des lépilémurs nécessite des études cytogénétiques, sachant qu’il pourrait s’agir de Microcebus murinus et M. myoxinus, ainsi que de Lepilemur ruficaudatus et L. randrianasoloi d’après la littérature.
References
Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Stibig, H. J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., et al. 2002. Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests. Science 297: 999–1002. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070656>
Anania, A., Randrianarijaona, A., Kotoarivelo, R. & Roullet, D. 2021. Census of the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) in the Manirisoa-Samivar forest fragments east of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Lemur News 23: 28–35.
Andriaholinirina, N., et al. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the sportive lemurs (Lepilemur, Primates). BMC Evolutionary Biology 6: 17. <https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-6-17>
Ankel-Simons, F. 2007. Survey of Living Primates. In: Primate Anatomy An Introduction. 3rd edition. pp 47–160. Elsevier. Disponible en ligne <https://vetbooks.ir/primate-anatomy-an-introduction-3rd-edition/>
Ausilio, E. et Raveloanrinoro, G. 1998. Les Lémuriens de la région de Bemaraha: Forêt de Tsimembo, de l'Antsingy et de la région de Tsiandrano. Lemur News 3: 4–7.
Bachmann, L., Rumpler, Y., Ganzhorn, J. U. & Tomiuk, J. 2000. Genetic differentiation among natural populations of Lepilemur ruficaudatus. International Journal of Primatology 21, 5: 853–864. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005546709911>
Besnard A. et Salles, J. M. 2010. Suivi scientifique d’espèces animales. Aspects méthodologiques essentiels pour l'élaboration de protocoles de suivis. Note méthodologique à l'usage des gestionnaires de sites Natura 2000. Rapport DREAL PACA, pôle Natura 2000. Disponible en ligne <https://www.paca.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/NT_MethodoSuiviBio_Faune_final2_cle658bab.pdf>
Bousquet, B. et Rabetaliana, H. 1992. Site du patrimoine mondial des Tsingy de Bamaraha et autres sites d'intérêt biologique et écologique du fivondronana d'Antsalova. UNESCO, Paris, France. Disponible en ligne <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000148827>
Brockelman, W. Y. & Ali, R. 1987. Methods for surveying and sampling forest primate populations. In: Primate conservation in the tropical rain forest. C. W. Marsh & R. A. Mittermeier (eds.), pp. 23–62. A. R. Liss, New York. Dammhahn, M., Schäffler, L., Fichtel, C. & Kappeler, P. M. 2009. Rapid lemur survey in northern Menabe. Lemur News 14: 13–16.
Ferrari, S. F., Chagas, R. R. D. & Souza-Alves, J. P. 2010. Line transect surveying of arboreal monkeys: Problems of group size and spread in highly fragmented landscape. American Journal of Primatology 72: 1100–1107. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20873>
Ganzhorn, J. U., 1994. Inventaire biologique dans la forêt de Zombitse. In: Les Lémuriens. S. M. Goodman & O. Langrand (eds.), pp. 70–72. Recherches pour le Développement, Série Sciences Biologiques, Numéro Spécial, CIDST, Antananarivo.
Ganzhorn, J. U., Goodman, S. T., Nash, S. & Thalmann, U. 2006. Lemur biogeography. In: Primate Biogeography. J. G. Fleagle & S. Lehman (eds.), pp 223–248. Springer, New York.
Gardner, C.J. 2009. A review of the impacts of anthropogenic habitat change on terrestrial biodiversity in Madagascar: Implications for the design and management of new protected areas. Malagasy Nature 2: 2–29.
Gudiel, A. A., Nieves, S. C., Reuter, K. E. & Sewall, B. J. 2017. Troop sizes, population densities, and sex ratios of Eulemur coronatus and Eulemur sanfordi in the Ankarana National Park. Lemur News 20: 12–14.
Harper, G. J., Steininger M. K., Tucker C. J., Juhn D. & Hawkins F. 2007. Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Environmental Conservation 34: 325–333. <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892907004262>
Ishak, B., Warter, S., Dutrillaux, B. & Rumpler. Y.1992. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation of sportive lemurs (Lepilemur species). Folia Primatologica 58:121–130. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000156619>
Kun-Rodrigues, C., Salmona, J., Besolo, A., Rasolondraibe, E., Rabarivola, C., Marques, T.A. & Chikhi, L. 2014. New density estimates of a threatened sifaka species (Propithecus coquereli) in Ankarafantsika National Park. American Journal of Primatology 76, 6: 515–528. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22243>
Louis, E. E.,Engberg, S. E., Lei, R., Geng, H., Sommer, J. A., Randriamampionona, R., et al. 2006. Molecular and morphological analyses of the sportive lemurs (Family Megaladapidae: Genus Lepilemur) reveals 11 previously unrecognized species. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 49: 1–47. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142646>
Marshall, A. R., Lovett, J. C. & White, P. C. 2008. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: Lessons from the Primates. American Journal of Primatology 70:1–11. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20516>
McGoogan, K. C. 2011. Edge effects on the behaviour and ecology of Propithecus coquereli in Northwest Madagascar. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto. Disponible en ligne <https://hdl.handle.net/1807/31861>
Meyler, S.V., Salmona, J., Ibouroi, M. T., Besolo, A., Rasolondraibe, E., Radespiel, U., Rabarivola, C. & Chikhi, L. 2012. Density estimates of two endangered nocturnal lemur species from northern Madagascar: new results and a comparison of commonly used methods. American Journal of Primatology 74: 414–422. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21997>
Petter, J. J., Albignac, R. et Rumpler, Y. 1977. Mammifères lémuriens (Primates prosimiens). Faune de Madagascar 44. ORSTOM-CNRS, Paris.
Rabearivony, J., Thorstrom, R., Rene de Roland, L.-A., Rakotondratsima., Andriamalala, T. R. A., et al. 2010. Protected area surface extension in Madagascar: Do endemism and threatened species remain useful criteria for site selection? Madagascar Conservation & Development 5, 1: 35–46. <https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v5i1.57338>
Rakotondratsimba, G., Ralisoamalala, R. et Ratsimbazafy, J. H. 2013. Les lémuriens du site Ramsar de Torotorofotsy. Madagascar Conservation & Development 8, 1: 29–38. <https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v8i1.5>
Rakotoniaina, J. H., Kappel, P. M., Ravoniarimbinina, P., Pechouskva, E., Hämäläinen, A. M., Grass, J., Krischbaum, C. & Kraus, C. 2016. Does habitat disturbance affect stress, body condition and parasitism in two sympatric lemurs? Conservation Physiology 4, 1: 1–16. <https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cow034>
Ralison, J. M. 2008. Les lémuriens des forêts sèches malgaches. Malagasy Nature 1: 135–156.
Randriamanantena, H. J., Rene de Roland, L,-A., Razafindraibe, H., Rakotondratsima, M., Razafimanjato, G. & Randrianjafiniasa, D. 2019. Lemur diversity in the Tsimembo Manambolomaty Protected Area, Melaky Region, Madagascar. 56th annual meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Rasoloarison, R. M., Goodman, S. M. & Ganzhorn, J. U. 2000. Taxonomic revision of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) in the western portions of Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 21, 6: 963–1019. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005511129475>
Razanantsoa, Z. U. A. 2000. Contribution à l'étude de la population de Propithecus verreauxi deckeni (Peters, 1870) dans la forêt de Tsimembo aux alentours du complexe des trois lacs et impact des activités humaines sur cette population. Mémoire de DEA, Département Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo.
Schmid, J. & Kappeler, P. M. 1994. Sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in western Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 63: 162–170. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000156812>
Schüßler, D., Blanco, M. B., Salmona, J., Poelstra, J., Andriambeloson, J. B., et al. 2020. Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species. American Journal of Primatology 82, 3: e23180. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23180>
Sefczek, T. M., Ravelonjanahary, M. & Louis, Jr., E. E. 2018. A wild aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) raids chicken eggs in eastern Madagascar. Lemur News 21: 10–11.
Smithe, F. B. 1975. Naturalist’s Color Guide. Part 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Soarimalala, V. et Raherilalao, M. J. 2008. Pression et menaces dans la région forestière sèche malgache. Malagasy Nature 1: 157–161. Sterling, E. J. 1998. Preliminary report on a survey for Daubentonia madagascariensis and other primate species in the west of Madagascar, June–August 1994. Lemur News 3: 7–8.
Tattersall, I. 1987. Cathemeral activity in primates: A definition. Folia Primatologica 49, 3–4: 200–202. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000156323>
Tattersall, I. 2007. Madagascar’s lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation? Evolutionary Anthropology 16, 1: 12–23. <https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20126>
Tomiuk, J., Bachmann, L., Leipoldt, M., Ganzhorn, J. U., Ries, R., et al. 1997. Genetic diversity of Lepilemur mustelinus ruficaudatus, a nocturnal lemur of Madagascar. Conservation Biology 11, 2: 491–497. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387622>
Triplet, P. 2009. Manuel de Gestion des Aires Protégées d'Afrique francophone. Awely, Paris. Disponible en ligne <https://hal.science/hal-00669157>
UICN. 2020. UICN Red List of threatened species. Téléchargé le 22 mars 2021.
Vieilledent, G., Grinand, C., Rakotomalala, F. A., Ranaivosoa, R., Rakotoarijaona, J.-R., et al. 2018. Combining global tree cover loss data with historical national forest cover maps to look at six decades of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 222: 189–197. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.008>
Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M. & Kluberdanz, R. P. 1988. Estimating primate densities from transects in a West African rain forest: A comparison of techniques. Journal of Animal Ecology 57, 2: 345–367. <https://doi.org/10.2307/4910>
Zaramody, A., Andriaholinirina, N., Rousset, D. et Rabarivola, C. 2005. Nouvelle répartition respective de Lepilemur microdon et L. mustelinus, et de L. ruficaudatus et L. edwardsi. Lemur News 10: 19–20.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Madagascar Conservation & Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All journal content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a creative common Attribution 4.0 International and is published here by the Indian Ocean e-Ink under license from the author(s).
