Dynamique institutionnelle des transferts de gestion dans le corridor Fandriana-Vondrozo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/280Keywords:
forest governance, conservation, Madagascar, sustainable development, COBA, GELOSE, community forest managementAbstract
Ten years after their creation, the operation of the community-based natural resource management policy named ‘transfert de gestion’ – the 1996 GELOSE law (applied to any kind of natural resources), and the 2001 GCF decree (only applied to forests) – remains little understood. The forest corridor linking Ranomafana and Andringitra National Parks has been extended south, and since 2006 the Fandriana-Vondrozo Corridor has been established as a new protected area within the Madagascar Protected Area System. Eighty-two sites of transfert de gestion have been created since 2001 in the Fandriana-Vondrozo Corridor and Randriamahaleo III are managed by local community associations named COBA. Management is determined by law but is locally adapted to each site. We analyze the dynamic of the community forest management system using six variables and 19 modes: year of creation (five modes), legal form of management (two modes), locality (two modes), principal NGO partners (five modes), management objective (two modes), and surface area of the transferred site (three modes). There are four institutions in charge of forest management: local community associations (COBA), which manage the forest in their territory; the Forest Service (Eaux et Forêt) representing the State, which controls this management; the commune, the smallest decentralized unit of the State, which manages the whole communal territory including forests; and NGOs, which facilitate the process. In order to investigate institutional tendencies, the sites of transfert de gestion are analyzed using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. The sites are distributed in the first two factorial plans with percentage variance of 18.5 % and 15.8 % according to their objectives: 1) pure conservation, and 2) economic development. Three types of NGO are distinguished by the form and duration of their support to COBA. The NGOs with greatest weight in the process are those which support the transfert de gestion with economic compensation. A typology of each commune was defined as a function of the types of support provided by NGOs to COBA. The ratio of transferred area to commune area provides a measure of the importance that the commune gives to COBA. The operation of this four – institution management system is weakened by the permanent changes in the Forest Service structure and, more generally, by any institutional failure. The range of institutions involved, however, provides an insurance for sustainable management.
RÉSUMÉ
Près de 10 ans après leur création, le fonctionnement des transferts de gestion mérite d’être mieux compris. Le long du corridor forestier Fandriana - Vondrozo, sur le versant oriental de Madagascar, nous analysons la dynamique depuis 2001 des institutions qui sont parties prenantes du système de conservation, aussi bien des institutions pérennes que sont les communautés de base (COBA), le service des Eaux et Forêts et les communes que des institutions éphémères que sont les ONG. Les 82 dispositifs de transfert de gestion décrits en 2007 ont été traités par une analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples. Les COBA créées par vagues successives ont été discriminées en fonction de leur objectif, qu’il soit de pure conservation ou à va-lorisation économique. Les ONG apparaissent avec leur propre stratégie pour soutenir les COBA d’où leur rôle prépondérant dans la compensation économique mais limité à la durée de leur financement. À partir de la répartition des types de COBA sur leur territoire, les communes pourraient intégrer la conservation de la forêt dans leur plan de développement. Après le transfert, les services des Eaux et Forêts maintiennent un rôle de contrôle et de sanction en dernier recours. Le fonctionnement de cette chaîne de quatre institutions, mouvantes mais hiérarchisées par rapport à la gestion, n’est assuré qu’à condition qu’aucun maillon ne cède et que la pérennité soit assurée.
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